Maintenance payments by entrepreneurs: getting it right

The Legal Expat Desk (LED) is an information hub by GMW Advocaten, advising the expat community living and working in the Netherlands since 2006. LED regularly publish articles covering a wide spectrum of legal topics.

In this article: information on how to best calculate maintenance from an entrepreneur's income in the case of a divorce in the Netherlands.

Entrepreneurs often end up paying the wrong amount of maintenance to a former spouse, because their companies' cash flows are disregarded or not given sufficient consideration. So how SHOULD maintenance be calculated?

Entrepreneur’s financial means

On the face of it, you’d think it would be easy to ascertain an entrepreneur's financial means: it’s just a matter of looking at his or her income and the company’s profits as indicated in its financial statements. But you’d be wrong.

An entrepreneur’s financial statements are (merely) a snapshot of the financial situation in a particular period. How much maintenance an entrepreneur is able to pay in the event of a divorce cannot be determined solely on the basis of financial statements.

Calculating what can be paid

One of the basic principles established in 1994 for calculating a company’s profits - namely, that business profits should be used as the basis for determining financial means - is still misinterpreted in legal practice.

The recommendation was that lawyers and judges need access to financial statements for the previous three years in order to determine a company’s profits.

In practice, this recommendation (originally made by Drs. T.C.E. Boringa RA) has taken on a life of its own, with the result that the average profit of the previous three years is now taken as the baseline. This is what judges still ask for when determining an entrepreneur’s maintenance obligations.

In practical terms, this means that there is far too little consideration of whether the entrepreneur can actually afford the maintenance payments into the future. Even if the company's average profit is pretty good, there may not be any money available to pay maintenance.

› Determining cash flow

When determining maintenance in an entrepreneur's divorce, it is not only past profits that must be determined, but also the annual cash flow over recent years and the future expected cash flow.

To determine how much maintenance an entrepreneur can afford to pay, in addition to the company’s profits, ideally an overview of cash flows from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities should be drawn up.

This should quantify current and projected cash flows from the time at which the calculation is performed, clearly showing how much money is available for maintenance payments without relying solely on past accounting profit or taxable profit.

› Analysing cash flow

There’s a lot of effort involved in producing cash flow statements, but they alone are not enough. Cash flows will have to be analysed, so that cost items which do not actually produce a cash flow can be corrected.

In other words, the cash flows have to be "normalised." The Chairman of the Working Group on Maintenance Standards, judge A. Roelvink-Verhoeff, uses the term "Free Cash Flows," i.e. the amount available for distribution to the shareholder.

› Capital expenditure & repayments

An entrepreneur may have elected to make certain investments and/or repayments that will affect cash flow.

These could include investing too much around the time of the divorce, raising too little finance for those investments and/or repaying too much on loans when there is no need to do so from a business perspective. All of these scenarios could call for cash flows to be corrected.

It’s also important to know how much money the Director and Majority Shareholder has taken out of the business, how much he owes the business and how things will look in the future. Contributions to a self-managed pension fund should also be taken into consideration.

The same goes for depreciation. Why? Well, what if profits are good but the Director and Majority Shareholder owes the business a lot of money? In the cash flow system, a debt on current account is an outgoing cash flow. No money will come into the business, yet money will leave the business because the company has to pay the entrepreneur a dividend.

› Forecast for the post-divorce period

The final piece in the puzzle is a forecast for the next few years. The importance of forecasts is greatly underestimated, yet they are a major factor in determining what an entrepreneur can afford to pay.

Nor are they only useful in the case of a divorce: every entrepreneur is well advised to prepare a proper forecast for coming years.

› Maintenance must not exceed free cash flow

So, in divorce cases which involve determining how much maintenance an entrepreneur can afford, as well as looking at the financial statements for the last few years, it is also essential to prepare the most detailed cash flow statement possible, complete with a forecast.

Only then can an accurate picture be formed of the means - or potential means - at the entrepreneur’s disposal.

Past book profits are no help at all here. It is the (free) cash flow that has to be determined. Remember that maintenance payments must never be more than the amount the free cash flow allows, as this would jeopardise the company’s very future - which is certainly not in the interests of either party in a divorce.

Making a difficult situation easier

Going through a divorce is already a very difficult thing, even more so if you are trying to run your own company at the same time. Knowing what to prepare in order for maintenance to be determined can make the process clearer, easier and fairer for everyone involved.

If you are currently dealing with these issues, you are strongly advised to consult a specialist to assists you in sorting out maintenance arrangements.
 

Antoine de Werd is an experienced mediation lawyer in Family Law at GMW Advocaten / Legal Expat Desk. For more information, please comment below or contact him directly.